A Review of Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma
Power system protection and switchgear are essential components of any electrical network that ensure the safety and reliability of the power supply. Power system protection involves the detection and isolation of faults in the power system, while switchgear refers to the devices that control, protect, and switch the electrical circuits. In this article, we will review the book Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma, which is a comprehensive and updated textbook on this topic.
power system protection and switchgear by badri ram dn vishwakarma pdf 44
The book is divided into two parts: Part I covers the principles of power system protection, and Part II covers the applications of switchgear. The book has a total of 22 chapters, each with a summary, review questions, and solved examples. The book also includes appendices on relay settings, differential protection, and digital relays.
Some of the topics covered in Part I are: fundamentals of power system protection, overcurrent protection, distance protection, differential protection, pilot relaying schemes, protection of transformers, generators, motors, busbars, transmission lines, and distribution systems. Some of the topics covered in Part II are: fundamentals of switchgear, circuit breakers, fuses, protective relays, static relays, microprocessor-based relays, numerical relays, gas-insulated substations, and high-voltage direct current transmission.
The book is written in a clear and concise manner, with a balance between theory and practice. The book provides a thorough coverage of the latest developments and trends in power system protection and switchgear, such as digital relaying, numerical relaying, optical fiber communication, artificial intelligence techniques, smart grid technology, etc. The book also incorporates relevant standards and codes of practice from various organizations such as IEEE, IEC, ANSI, etc.
The book is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students of electrical engineering, as well as practicing engineers and professionals in the field of power system protection and switchgear. The book can also serve as a reference for researchers and academicians interested in this area.
The book is available in both print and electronic formats. The print version has 684 pages and is published by Tata McGraw Hill Education in 2011[^2^]. The electronic version has 456 pages and is published by McGraw-Hill Education in 2001[^1^]. Both versions have the same authors: Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma.
In this section, we will highlight some of the key features and benefits of the book Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma.
The book is written in a simple and lucid language, with a logical flow of topics and concepts.
The book covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of power system protection and switchgear, with a focus on the design, operation, and maintenance of these systems.
The book provides numerous examples, diagrams, tables, figures, and graphs to illustrate and explain the various topics and concepts.
The book includes several case studies and real-world applications to demonstrate the relevance and importance of power system protection and switchgear in the modern power industry.
The book offers a comprehensive coverage of the latest technologies and innovations in power system protection and switchgear, such as digital relaying, numerical relaying, optical fiber communication, artificial intelligence techniques, smart grid technology, etc.
The book incorporates relevant standards and codes of practice from various organizations such as IEEE, IEC, ANSI, etc., to ensure the quality and reliability of power system protection and switchgear.
The book has a well-structured summary, review questions, and solved examples at the end of each chapter to reinforce the learning outcomes and test the understanding of the readers.
The book has appendices on relay settings, differential protection, and digital relays to provide additional information and reference for the readers.
The book Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram and D. N. Vishwakarma is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn more about this important and fascinating subject. The book is highly recommended for students, teachers, engineers, professionals, researchers, and academicians in the field of electrical engineering. 0efd9a6b88
U4GM - Fallout 76: 15 Weapons That Offer High Damage for Low Cap Investment
In Fallout 76, finding a solid weapon that won’t drain your Caps reserve is half the battle. Not every player wants to drop 10,000+ Caps on a legendary bloodied or explosive weapon, and honestly, you don’t need to. Whether you're new to the Wasteland or just trying to budget your build, there are plenty of effective weapons that hit hard without the heavy price tag. Here’s a look at 15 high-damage weapons you can get for relatively low Cap investment.
1. The Handmade Rifle (Non-Legendary)
The non-legendary version of the Handmade Rifle remains a go-to for mid-level rifle builds. Mod it right, and it competes with much pricier alternatives.
2. Combat Shotgun
With fast fire rate and good mods, even a standard Combat Shotgun can melt through ghouls and Scorched alike.
3. Super Sledge
This heavy melee weapon dishes out massive damage and is often overlooked in favor of fancier legendary gear. You can find it for a fraction of the price.
4. Lever Action Rifle
This cowboy favorite is extremely ammo-efficient and performs well when modded for stealth or V.A.T.S.-based builds.
5. Pump Action Shotgun
Cheap, reliable, and great for close quarters. Add a choke and reflex sight and you’ve got a low-cost beast.
6. Gatling Gun
Ammo might be a little more specialized, but the Gatling Gun offers solid DPS for tank builds without costing you a ton of Caps.
7. Plasma Gun
Buy one cheap and add mods to customize for your energy build. It scales surprisingly well with perks like Science Expert.
8. The Dragon (Single Shot Rifle)
This black powder rifle hits like a truck and is especially deadly in sneak builds. It can be found in player vendors for less than 1,000 Caps.
9. 10mm SMG
This fast-firing weapon is deadly with the right mods and perks. It’s a common drop, making it easy to buy Fallout 76 items like this for cheap.
10. Hunting Rifle (Modded)
Turn this humble gun into a sniper rifle with a few mods. The cost is low, and the damage can surprise even veteran players.
11. Pipe Bolt-Action Rifle
Criminally underrated for early-to-mid-game stealth builds. With a suppressor and scope, it becomes a reliable crit-stacker.
12. Assault Rifle
While often overshadowed by the Handmade, the Assault Rifle is cheaper and still packs a punch, especially in full-auto builds.
13. Radium Rifle
Great for DoT builds and fairly easy to find. Its rad damage makes it extra effective against certain enemies.
14. Flamer (Non-Legendary)
If you’re into heavy weapons, the standard Flamer can be devastating at close range and often sells for well under 2,000 Caps.
15. Ski Sword
Surprisingly strong with mods and perks like Martial Artist. A cheap melee weapon that can carry you deep into higher levels.
If you're trying to stretch your budget and still want to dish out damage, these weapons are worth considering. It’s totally possible to build a powerful loadout without dumping your entire Cap stash. And if you’re low on resources, many players choose to buy Fallout 76 Caps cheap or buy Fallout 76 items from trusted sources like U4GM, where pricing stays competitive without overhyping.
The Wasteland doesn’t always reward flashy. Sometimes, it’s the simple, reliable gear that does the job best.